Composite Winch Mount Bumper - Senior Design Project

4Rocker · 02-21-2008, 04:00 PM

As a senior composite materials engineering major, it is time to get to work on the senior design project: a fully composite winch mount bumper. Last semester my small design team performed strength and design analyses and worked out all of the theoretical stuff, now it is time to build!

A few different designs were reviewed, and the design we decided upon consists of a central support structure made of 32ply carbon fiber (autoclaved) that will be covered by a shell of 18ply glass fiber. This model was designed to be able to house and support an 8000lb winch. These two pictures show the basic design:

Front:

Back:

This particular design was created to bolt to the tow hook mounting points on the front of my 84 4Runner and is estimated to weigh about 40lbs assembled.

4Rocker · 02-21-2008, 04:07 PM

So far, we have begun to create the tooling that the center support structure will be laid up on. The tooling resembles a box that the carbon prepreg material will be cut and laid over. Once all of the plies are applied, it will get vacuum bagged and autoclaved. After curing, the composite part is removed from the steel tool.

The construction began by bending 12ga steel into a U-shape:

Next, 3/16" steel was cut to be used as a base. The bottom of the box is hollow so that the autoclave pressure does not crush the box.

Finally, the U-shape and two sides were welded to the base with a slight draft angle so that the cured part can be removed once it is cured. Because the metal will expand and contract with temperature differences more than the composite, the thermal expansion will also help to remove the part from the tooling.

That is how far we are as of today. After welding the sides in, JB weld was used to fill the seams. Tomorrow when it is dry I will grind and smooth the sides and radius the corners smooth. Not pictured are the two lower brackets that the lower supports will attach to. These two parts are removable to make laying up the fabric and removing the part easier. More to come as work progresses!

drock2 · 02-21-2008, 04:11 PM

Cool idea! How much is it going to cost you to build. It'll sure be interesting to see how it turns out.

4Rocker · 02-21-2008, 04:20 PM

So far we have a little over a hundred $ in steel into it. Not sure on the cost of the composite materials, we are using department material that is donated to the university from businesses. One of the (potentially) major costs that we will be facing is that of a winch. So far we have contacted some of the major winch manufacturers to see if they would help sponsor our project, but we have not gotten any positive replies. Looks like I might be burning all of my tax return on a winch for this project if we cant get one donated or at a reduced cost.

**Elvota** · 02-21-2008, 04:25 PM

That's a pretty cool senior project. Who gets to keep the finished product? Hopefully your instructor doesn't drive a Toyota.

I am no engineer, and have almost zero knowledge of the materials you are using. But to me, a bumper is only as strong as it's mounting points.

How will you keep the bolt holes from elongating or worse tearing out?

How have you designed the bumper to withstand loads form different angles? Winching isn't always from dead straight 90 out the front.

Does this bumper design expect to handle impacts such as rocks, or is it mostly a study in strength with regards to pulling forces (such as winching).

These questions are by no means meant as knocks on your ideas or design, simply for my own benefit as I like to better understand such things.

4Rocker · 02-21-2008, 04:35 PM

I'm glad to see some interest so far! If I didnt want some constructive criticism I wouldnt have posted up here; it is good to question such things.

The design was analyzed at both straight-on pulling and angled winching loads. The boxing of the main structural support gives pretty good strength, so the side loading should not be an issue. We also did some calculations and figure that the bumper *should* be able to sustain a 5mph impact with little to no damage.

With regards to the bolt holes, I am thinking of making a thin aluminum plate to cover the mounting tab to act like a big washer to prevent the bolts from tearing or pulling through. More than likely the finished product will stay with the department as I am not sure how many we will end up making (depends how it holds up to real-world testing!), but if an extra one happens to disappear...who knows!

Erich_870 · 02-21-2008, 04:36 PM

Very cool! :subscribing:

Lets see some of your strength analysis data! (I assume you used something like FEA)

Erich

4Rocker · 02-21-2008, 05:21 PM

I will have to go into some of the tech stuff a bit later, its on my desktop at home. We used mostly statics and mechanics techniques and a program called CompositePro to model the loading. FEA was not used (yet) because no one in my team had taken that class, but I am taking it right now so when we get to solid elements, I will examine things a bit further.

Greg_Canada · 02-21-2008, 05:54 PM

Sweet, i just wonder how well it's going to work.
Im in mechanical engineering design and drafting, so i get to play with catia/solidedge/solidworks/inventor/mastercam... it's fun....

phildelfino · 02-21-2008, 07:43 PM

Send me one, I'll test in my 88 Runner.

4Rocker · 02-21-2008, 09:12 PM

Not sure what the front of the IFS frames look like. This one was designed to fit my stock solid axle 4Runner.

4Rocker · 02-23-2008, 11:01 AM

Made some progress on Friday afternoon. I ground down the seams that were sealed and rounded the edges of the box part of the tooling. I also fabricated two L-shaped brackets and drilled and tapped the base for them to bolt to. These brackets will be removable to allow the prepreg material to be formed to the box as well as to aid in removing the full part after curing. Soon I will fabricate a bracket to go between the tops of the brackets so that they do not flex during processing.

This picture shows the tooling as completed so far with a full-scale cardboard mockup of the center section. It fits perfectly.

This weekend or early next week I will be sanding and polishing the tooling until it becomes as smooth as possible. At this point we can determine if a gelcoat or paint layer is needed to get it perfectly smooth so that the part will release.

More updates to come

4Rocker · 02-23-2008, 06:45 PM

This evening I was thinking about potential problems that might be encountered when trying to remove the composite part from the tooling. One possible significant problem could be that due to the large part-tool contact surface area, the part may not want to come off easily. To fix this, I have come up with a way to allow compressed air to be used to 'pop' the part off of the tooling.

This picture shows where a hole (maybe 1/2" diameter or so?) could be drilled in the top of the box part of the tooling. On the inside, a nut will be welded of an inside diameter that is slightly bigger than the hole. This will allow a specially ground bolt to fit in the hole and plug it so that it is air tight and no resin leaks through. Once the part is cured, the bolt can be removed and an air fitting screwed in so that compressed air can be used to push the part away from the steel tooling.

My only concern is that the thin 12ga steel might warp when the nut is welded to it. I think that maybe just making a few tack welds and sealing the seam with JB weld should be sufficient to make the joint air tight with minimal warpage.

Even if the plug bolt is not perfectly flush with the surface of the mold, it could be positioned so that the fitting is on the part of the composite that will get cut out to allow room for the fairlead.

wjwerdna · 02-23-2008, 06:53 PM

good idea... if your welder person is good enough, it should be fine

the tack weld and JB is a good idea too

4Rocker · 02-24-2008, 08:31 AM

Our welder is me most of the time, it will be alright.

Today I am going to get an air fitting and a nut to fit it to see what things will look like when fit together. I figure it will be easier putting this fitting in now even if we end up not needing it because it will be somewhat more difficult to add it in once a cured part is stuck on the mold.

wjwerdna - I have been following your bumper build over in the Fab section and its looking awesome! I really like the integrated driving/fog light holes. I might have to modify our shell design to accommodate something like this

sdstud212001 · 02-24-2008, 09:14 AM

subscribed! I cantwait to see how well it works. Is it going to have shackle mounts too?

4Rocker · 02-24-2008, 09:28 AM

Good question! It was one of our original ideas to be able to incorporate shackle mounts similar to an ARB type bumper to make this 'competitive' with steel bull bars in terms of features. I think that the first unit probably wont have shackle provisions, but if it is deemed strong enough, we can drill holes in the upright sections for them and make a (aluminum?) grommet so that it doesnt just tear through the composite under load.

I am hoping that shackle mounts will be feasible because I have used them on my current bumper a lot and they are an awesome feature to have.

4Rocker · 02-26-2008, 10:35 AM

Good news! I received an email from Smittybilt today saying that they are willing to donate an XRC8 winch to the project! A BIG thanks to them for helping our team!

Today I made progress on machining the air plug. I will get some pictures of it up later today.

In other good news I was just accpted to University of Colorado Boulder for their MS/ME program in Aerospace Engineering, so all in all it is a pretty good day so far!

02-21-2008, 04:00 PM	#1 (permalink)
4Rocker Registered User Join Date: Jun 2005 Location: Minnesota Posts: 377	Composite Winch Mount Bumper - Senior Design Project As a senior composite materials engineering major, it is time to get to work on the senior design project: a fully composite winch mount bumper. Last semester my small design team performed strength and design analyses and worked out all of the theoretical stuff, now it is time to build! A few different designs were reviewed, and the design we decided upon consists of a central support structure made of 32ply carbon fiber (autoclaved) that will be covered by a shell of 18ply glass fiber. This model was designed to be able to house and support an 8000lb winch. These two pictures show the basic design: Front: Back: This particular design was created to bolt to the tow hook mounting points on the front of my 84 4Runner and is estimated to weigh about 40lbs assembled. __________________ 84 4Runner SR5 22R, 5spd, 31" BFG ATs,custom bumpers 08 FJ Cruiser Sandstorm, 6MT, All-Terrain Package, Rock Rails, BFG A/Ts

02-21-2008, 04:07 PM	#2 (permalink)
4Rocker Registered User Join Date: Jun 2005 Location: Minnesota Posts: 377	So far, we have begun to create the tooling that the center support structure will be laid up on. The tooling resembles a box that the carbon prepreg material will be cut and laid over. Once all of the plies are applied, it will get vacuum bagged and autoclaved. After curing, the composite part is removed from the steel tool. The construction began by bending 12ga steel into a U-shape: Next, 3/16" steel was cut to be used as a base. The bottom of the box is hollow so that the autoclave pressure does not crush the box. Finally, the U-shape and two sides were welded to the base with a slight draft angle so that the cured part can be removed once it is cured. Because the metal will expand and contract with temperature differences more than the composite, the thermal expansion will also help to remove the part from the tooling. That is how far we are as of today. After welding the sides in, JB weld was used to fill the seams. Tomorrow when it is dry I will grind and smooth the sides and radius the corners smooth. Not pictured are the two lower brackets that the lower supports will attach to. These two parts are removable to make laying up the fabric and removing the part easier. More to come as work progresses! __________________ 84 4Runner SR5 22R, 5spd, 31" BFG ATs,custom bumpers 08 FJ Cruiser Sandstorm, 6MT, All-Terrain Package, Rock Rails, BFG A/Ts

02-21-2008, 04:11 PM	#3 (permalink)
drock2 Registered User Join Date: Oct 2006 Location: Naperville, IL / Iowa City, IA Posts: 177	Cool idea! How much is it going to cost you to build. It'll sure be interesting to see how it turns out. __________________ 1995 Toyota 4Runner SR5 4x4 - Tjm Front Bumper, Kennesaw Mountain Accessory Rear Bumper, Downey Rear Coils and Torsion Bars (2" Lift), Rancho RS9000 Shocks w/ In Cab Kit, BF Goodrich 33"x10.5" MT's, K&N CAI, Magnaflow Muffler, Sony Xplod Head Unit, Rockford Fosgate Speakers, Alpine 250W Amp and 10" Sub, Uniden CB, Hella FF300 Light Kit, Warn M8000 Winch, Surco Roof Rack, Aisin Manual Locking Hubs Dominic

02-21-2008, 04:20 PM	#4 (permalink)
4Rocker Registered User Join Date: Jun 2005 Location: Minnesota Posts: 377	So far we have a little over a hundred $ in steel into it. Not sure on the cost of the composite materials, we are using department material that is donated to the university from businesses. One of the (potentially) major costs that we will be facing is that of a winch. So far we have contacted some of the major winch manufacturers to see if they would help sponsor our project, but we have not gotten any positive replies. Looks like I might be burning all of my tax return on a winch for this project if we cant get one donated or at a reduced cost. __________________ 84 4Runner SR5 22R, 5spd, 31" BFG ATs,custom bumpers 08 FJ Cruiser Sandstorm, 6MT, All-Terrain Package, Rock Rails, BFG A/Ts

02-21-2008, 04:25 PM	#5 (permalink)
Elvota Super Moderator Staff Join Date: Jun 2005 Location: Phx, AZ Posts: 3,458	That's a pretty cool senior project. Who gets to keep the finished product? Hopefully your instructor doesn't drive a Toyota. I am no engineer, and have almost zero knowledge of the materials you are using. But to me, a bumper is only as strong as it's mounting points. How will you keep the bolt holes from elongating or worse tearing out? How have you designed the bumper to withstand loads form different angles? Winching isn't always from dead straight 90 out the front. Does this bumper design expect to handle impacts such as rocks, or is it mostly a study in strength with regards to pulling forces (such as winching). These questions are by no means meant as knocks on your ideas or design, simply for my own benefit as I like to better understand such things. __________________ ================ 1990 4Runner \| V6 3.4 \| 5spd \| 240 someoddthousand miles \| SR5 \| SAS \| RLS \| 35's \| ARB \| TJM \| 217 to 1 \| W8000 - four wheels \| three sticks \| two hands \| one trail - RIGITY DIGITY

02-21-2008, 04:35 PM	#6 (permalink)
4Rocker Registered User Join Date: Jun 2005 Location: Minnesota Posts: 377	I'm glad to see some interest so far! If I didnt want some constructive criticism I wouldnt have posted up here; it is good to question such things. The design was analyzed at both straight-on pulling and angled winching loads. The boxing of the main structural support gives pretty good strength, so the side loading should not be an issue. We also did some calculations and figure that the bumper should be able to sustain a 5mph impact with little to no damage. With regards to the bolt holes, I am thinking of making a thin aluminum plate to cover the mounting tab to act like a big washer to prevent the bolts from tearing or pulling through. More than likely the finished product will stay with the department as I am not sure how many we will end up making (depends how it holds up to real-world testing!), but if an extra one happens to disappear...who knows! __________________ 84 4Runner SR5 22R, 5spd, 31" BFG ATs,custom bumpers 08 FJ Cruiser Sandstorm, 6MT, All-Terrain Package, Rock Rails, BFG A/Ts

02-21-2008, 04:36 PM	#7 (permalink)
Erich_870 Registered User Join Date: Apr 2003 Location: Juneau, AK Posts: 972	Very cool! :subscribing: Lets see some of your strength analysis data! (I assume you used something like FEA) Erich __________________ 99' Black 4Runner with Highlander Package 16x8 black ProComp 1069 alloy wheels, Thule MOAB rack My Profile My Hobbies Last edited by Erich_870 : 02-21-2008 at 05:03 PM.

02-21-2008, 05:21 PM	#8 (permalink)
4Rocker Registered User Join Date: Jun 2005 Location: Minnesota Posts: 377	I will have to go into some of the tech stuff a bit later, its on my desktop at home. We used mostly statics and mechanics techniques and a program called CompositePro to model the loading. FEA was not used (yet) because no one in my team had taken that class, but I am taking it right now so when we get to solid elements, I will examine things a bit further. __________________ 84 4Runner SR5 22R, 5spd, 31" BFG ATs,custom bumpers 08 FJ Cruiser Sandstorm, 6MT, All-Terrain Package, Rock Rails, BFG A/Ts

02-21-2008, 05:54 PM	#9 (permalink)
Greg_Canada Registered User Join Date: Jul 2004 Location: Toronto Posts: 757	Sweet, i just wonder how well it's going to work. Im in mechanical engineering design and drafting, so i get to play with catia/solidedge/solidworks/inventor/mastercam... it's fun.... __________________ http://www.cardomain.com/ride/1147271/1 My 1989 Toyota 4runner

02-21-2008, 07:43 PM	#10 (permalink)
phildelfino Registered User Join Date: Aug 2007 Location: Reno, NV Posts: 316	Send me one, I'll test in my 88 Runner. __________________ 1988 4 Runner w/225,XXX miles, 3.slow V6. A/T. 4.10s?-(G292 code) and power everything else that still works, except someone broke off my electric antenna. 1.25" BL. Used Marlin Crawler Rear Bumper, 33 x 12.50 x 15 on Steel Chromies w 3.5" BS. Has new shocks, leafs. Soon; Trail Gear Sliders, ZUK brackets & coils, rear shock brackets & flip kit, Wish List; Rear lockrite, 529's, sliders (got them for $100.oo, new in box), 5 speed swap http://www.cardomain.com/ride/3171939

02-21-2008, 09:12 PM	#11 (permalink)
4Rocker Registered User Join Date: Jun 2005 Location: Minnesota Posts: 377	Not sure what the front of the IFS frames look like. This one was designed to fit my stock solid axle 4Runner. __________________ 84 4Runner SR5 22R, 5spd, 31" BFG ATs,custom bumpers 08 FJ Cruiser Sandstorm, 6MT, All-Terrain Package, Rock Rails, BFG A/Ts

02-23-2008, 11:01 AM	#12 (permalink)
4Rocker Registered User Join Date: Jun 2005 Location: Minnesota Posts: 377	Made some progress on Friday afternoon. I ground down the seams that were sealed and rounded the edges of the box part of the tooling. I also fabricated two L-shaped brackets and drilled and tapped the base for them to bolt to. These brackets will be removable to allow the prepreg material to be formed to the box as well as to aid in removing the full part after curing. Soon I will fabricate a bracket to go between the tops of the brackets so that they do not flex during processing. This picture shows the tooling as completed so far with a full-scale cardboard mockup of the center section. It fits perfectly. This weekend or early next week I will be sanding and polishing the tooling until it becomes as smooth as possible. At this point we can determine if a gelcoat or paint layer is needed to get it perfectly smooth so that the part will release. More updates to come __________________ 84 4Runner SR5 22R, 5spd, 31" BFG ATs,custom bumpers 08 FJ Cruiser Sandstorm, 6MT, All-Terrain Package, Rock Rails, BFG A/Ts

02-23-2008, 06:45 PM	#13 (permalink)
4Rocker Registered User Join Date: Jun 2005 Location: Minnesota Posts: 377	This evening I was thinking about potential problems that might be encountered when trying to remove the composite part from the tooling. One possible significant problem could be that due to the large part-tool contact surface area, the part may not want to come off easily. To fix this, I have come up with a way to allow compressed air to be used to 'pop' the part off of the tooling. This picture shows where a hole (maybe 1/2" diameter or so?) could be drilled in the top of the box part of the tooling. On the inside, a nut will be welded of an inside diameter that is slightly bigger than the hole. This will allow a specially ground bolt to fit in the hole and plug it so that it is air tight and no resin leaks through. Once the part is cured, the bolt can be removed and an air fitting screwed in so that compressed air can be used to push the part away from the steel tooling. My only concern is that the thin 12ga steel might warp when the nut is welded to it. I think that maybe just making a few tack welds and sealing the seam with JB weld should be sufficient to make the joint air tight with minimal warpage. Even if the plug bolt is not perfectly flush with the surface of the mold, it could be positioned so that the fitting is on the part of the composite that will get cut out to allow room for the fairlead. __________________ 84 4Runner SR5 22R, 5spd, 31" BFG ATs,custom bumpers 08 FJ Cruiser Sandstorm, 6MT, All-Terrain Package, Rock Rails, BFG A/Ts

02-23-2008, 06:53 PM	#14 (permalink)
wjwerdna Contributing Member Join Date: Mar 2006 Location: Montague, MI Posts: 1,856	good idea... if your welder person is good enough, it should be fine the tack weld and JB is a good idea too __________________ Andrew J W = WJwerdnA '99 4Runner SR5 - Pioneer MP3/IPod w/Infinity all around - lifted 2.5-3in susp. - 33's to fill the gap - sliders - ISR & Deckplate, yada yada - Satoshi - AIM:wjwerdna YotaTech Profile Custom Bumper Link for sale: "six-spoke" stock alloys, PM if interested :) ... also, stock running boards, pm offer, and stock panhard bar, great for mod'ing longer for lift adjustment

02-24-2008, 08:31 AM	#15 (permalink)
4Rocker Registered User Join Date: Jun 2005 Location: Minnesota Posts: 377	Our welder is me most of the time, it will be alright. Today I am going to get an air fitting and a nut to fit it to see what things will look like when fit together. I figure it will be easier putting this fitting in now even if we end up not needing it because it will be somewhat more difficult to add it in once a cured part is stuck on the mold. wjwerdna - I have been following your bumper build over in the Fab section and its looking awesome! I really like the integrated driving/fog light holes. I might have to modify our shell design to accommodate something like this __________________ 84 4Runner SR5 22R, 5spd, 31" BFG ATs,custom bumpers 08 FJ Cruiser Sandstorm, 6MT, All-Terrain Package, Rock Rails, BFG A/Ts

02-24-2008, 09:14 AM	#16 (permalink)
sdstud212001 Registered User Join Date: Feb 2006 Location: Split time between Flagstaff & Kingman AZ Posts: 1,503	subscribed! I cantwait to see how well it works. Is it going to have shackle mounts too? __________________ 1987 DLX 4X4 5 Speed: Electric Flex-a-Lite,SR5 guages,Yokohama Geolander A/T+ II,Pro Comp AAL, KC Slimlites, Bull Bar, Aux fuse box, Limo Tint, Marlin Crawler Bumper, painted shell, Sirius Wish List: Safari Rack,Bigger tires, SDORI BJ Spacers, 2001 Limited 4X4 Auto:Tundra 231mm brake upgrade, Brembo Rotors, Akebono Pads, 17" 2007 4Runner wheels, Yokohama Geolander AT-S,Sirius & Limo tint Wish List: TJM Front Bumper, KC Hilites, Safari Roof Rack, Thule Cargo Box, Rock sliders, Limo Tint

02-24-2008, 09:28 AM	#17 (permalink)
4Rocker Registered User Join Date: Jun 2005 Location: Minnesota Posts: 377	Good question! It was one of our original ideas to be able to incorporate shackle mounts similar to an ARB type bumper to make this 'competitive' with steel bull bars in terms of features. I think that the first unit probably wont have shackle provisions, but if it is deemed strong enough, we can drill holes in the upright sections for them and make a (aluminum?) grommet so that it doesnt just tear through the composite under load. I am hoping that shackle mounts will be feasible because I have used them on my current bumper a lot and they are an awesome feature to have. __________________ 84 4Runner SR5 22R, 5spd, 31" BFG ATs,custom bumpers 08 FJ Cruiser Sandstorm, 6MT, All-Terrain Package, Rock Rails, BFG A/Ts

02-26-2008, 10:35 AM	#18 (permalink)
4Rocker Registered User Join Date: Jun 2005 Location: Minnesota Posts: 377	Good news! I received an email from Smittybilt today saying that they are willing to donate an XRC8 winch to the project! A BIG thanks to them for helping our team! Today I made progress on machining the air plug. I will get some pictures of it up later today. In other good news I was just accpted to University of Colorado Boulder for their MS/ME program in Aerospace Engineering, so all in all it is a pretty good day so far! __________________ 84 4Runner SR5 22R, 5spd, 31" BFG ATs,custom bumpers 08 FJ Cruiser Sandstorm, 6MT, All-Terrain Package, Rock Rails, BFG A/Ts